Instructions for Authors

Authors wishing to include figures, tables or text that have already been published elsewhere, are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.

How to submit
Authors should submit their manuscript to the Science Editor by e-mail, with separate files for text and figures. The current Science Editor is John Charles, at john.charles@plantandfood.co.nz

Preparation of manuscripts
All manuscripts are typically reviewed by two specialist referees and/or, at the discretion of the Scientific Editor, by a member of the Editorial Board before acceptance. Manuscripts considered unsuitable for publication will be returned to authors who may resubmit after amendment.

If a reviewed manuscript, which has been returned to the author for revision, is not sent back to the Scientific Editor within a reasonable time, it will be considered to have been withdrawn.

The Editors reserve the right to modify manuscripts to eliminate ambiguity and repetition, and to improve communication between author and reader.

Style of Manuscripts
Refer to similar articles in recent volumes of New Zealand Entomologist as a guideline to the overall style.

Manuscripts should be written in clear, concise and grammatically correct English so that they are intelligible to the professional reader who is not a specialist in any particular field. The journal uses English spelling, and authors should set the ‘language’ to English (New Zealand) in MS Word.  Manuscripts that do not conform to these requirements, and/or the following format, may be rejected, or returned to the author for correction prior to review.

All mark-ups made during the manuscript preparation (eg using ‘Track Changes’) must be removed (select ‘accept all changes’ on the reviewing toolbar) so that reviewers have a clean copy on which to insert suggested changes or comments.

Headings
Don’t use capital letters for headings or subheadings except as initials i.e. Materials and Methods not MATERIALS AND METHODS.

Heading styles:
Manuscript title: Font-Times New Roman, bold, size 14.
Other headings: Font-Arial, bold, size 14.
Sub-heading Style: Font: Times New Roman, bold, italicised, size 12.

Unabbreviated genus and species names appearing in heading/title heading must be italicized.
Unabbreviated genus and species names appearing in sub-headings must not be italicized, nor underlined.

Text
The body of the manuscript should be typed in 12 pt Times New Roman, with 1.5 line spacing. In ‘page setup’ all margins should be set at 2.5cm and lines numbered on all pages for easy reference during review and production. All pages should be numbered consecutively in the bottom right-hand corner, but contain no other headings of footers.

The first paragraph under each heading is not indented, and there is no blank line separating heading/subheading(s) from paragraph. Following paragraphs are indented, with no blank lines between paragraphs. Two blank lines must appear before new heading/sub-heading. The hyphenation option must be turned off, and hyphens should only be used when essential to the meaning.

Apply the following rules:

• Do not insert a line space below headings, or between paragraphs.
• Use only one space after punctuation marks.
• Do not use a carriage return (enter) at the end of lines within a paragraph.
• Type the text unjustified and without end-of-line hyphenation, except in the case of
compound words.
• Use italics where appropriate, not underlining.
• Use single quotation marks.
• Do not use the letter l (elle) for the number 1 (one) or the letter O (upper case o) for the
number 0 (zero).
• Abbreviations: place a comma after e.g., and i.e., Do not abbreviate genus or species
names starting a sentence or paragraph.

The manuscript should be presented in the following order:

Title page
This should contain the title of the contribution, and the name and address of each author. The full postal address, telephone and facsimile numbers (and internet email address) of the author who will receive correspondence and check the proofs should be included, as well as the present address of any author if different to that where the work was carried out. The main title should, where possible, contain the major key words used in the body of the manuscript; the title should contain the scientific name and authorities of the insect with the order and family placed in parentheses.

A short running title (fewer than 40 characters including spaces) should also be provided.

Abstract
All manuscripts must include a brief but informative Abstract that is intelligible without reference to the main text. It should not exceed 300 words and should describe the scope of the work and the main findings. Both common and scientific names should be included, but authorities of species names are not repeated if they appear in the title. References to the literature should not be included. Uninformative phrases (such as ‘results are discussed’) should not be used.

Key words
Key words (3-5) should be provided below the Abstract to assist with indexing of the article. These should not duplicate key words from the title.

Introduction
Include sufficient background information to set the work in context. The aims of the manuscript should be clearly stated. The introduction should not contain either findings or conclusions.

Materials and Methods
This should be concise but descriptive, and provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be repeated by others.

Results
Results should be presented in a logical sequence in the text, tables and figures. Repetitive presentation of the same data in different forms should be avoided. The results should not contain material appropriate to the Discussion.

Discussion
This section should consider the results in relation to any hypotheses advanced in the Introduction and place the study in the context of other work. Only in exceptional cases should the Results and Discussion sections be combined.

Acknowledgements
Financial and technical assistance should be acknowledged here, as well as permissions to use illustrations. It is the authors’ responsibility to obtain written permission to quote material or use illustrations that have appeared in another publication. Anonymous reviewers should not be acknowledged.

References
Authors wishing to use Endnote to prepare their reference list can download the New Zealand Entomologist.ens style file. Authors should always ensure they have the latest version of the style file. The file should be saved and copied into the Endnote styles folder, for a standard install this will be found in the C:ProgramFiles/EndNote folder. New Zealand Entomologist can then be selected using the ‘select another style’ from the pull down list of styles options on the EndNote tool bar.

All authors including those that prepare their reference list using Endnote should play close attention to the following journal requirements.

In the text, references should be made by giving the author’s name with the year of publication in parentheses. If there are two authors, link their names by ‘and’ within the text (e.g. Wearing and Charles (1989)) but by ‘&’ within parentheses (e.g. Wearing & Charles 1989). When reference is made to a work by three or more authors, the first name followed by et al. (italicised) should be used on all occasions (e.g., Smith et al. 2007). If several manuscripts by the same author(s) and from the same year are cited, a, b, c, etc. should be put after the year of publication. References grouped within parentheses should be cited in chronological order.

Papers that have not been accepted for publication must not be included in the list of references at the end of the article, and must be cited in the text either as ´J. T. Smith, L. M. Jones and A. N. Baker, unpublished data´ or as ´J. T. Smith, personal communication´. The use of such citations is discouraged.

References should be listed in alphabetical then chronological order at the end of the manuscript. No editorial responsibility can be taken for the accuracy of the references, and authors are requested to check these with special care.

Titles must be included for all references, and titles of periodicals must not be abbreviated.

List references in the following form:

Journal articles
Toft RJ, Beggs JR. 1995. Seasonality of crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) in South Island beech forest in relation to the abundance of Vespula wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). New Zealand Entomologist 18: 37-43.

Books
Clements AN. 1992. The Biology of Mosquitoes, Vol. 1.Development, Nutrition and Reproduction. Chapman & Hall, London. 347 p.

Chapters in books
Bray RA. 1994. The leucaena psyllid. In: Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture (eds RC Gutteridge & HM Shelton) pp. 283-291. CAB International, Oxford.

Titles of journals should be given in full and should conform, where possible, to the World list of scientific periodicals 1-3 (Butterworths, London, 1963-65).

‘In press’ must only be used to cite manuscripts actually accepted for publication in a journal. ‘In press’ replaces the date in the full reference for that citation. Citations such as ‘manuscript in preparation’ or ‘manuscript submitted’ are not permitted. Data from such manuscripts can only be mentioned in the text as ‘unpublished data’.

Unpublished Theses
Charles JG. 1979. The ecology and control of mealybugs in Auckland vineyards. (Unpublished MSc thesis). University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

DOI, URL etc.
When an article is assigned a DOI, the APA standard is that researchers (including students) will always locate the DOI, and use the reference format which includes the DOI.

This is not an “either-or” situation where the researcher may choose to ignore a DOI.

When there is no DOI assigned, provide the periodical home page web address (URL).

Example:  Wilens T E, Biederman J. 2006. Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A model for the study of addictions in youth. Journal of Psychopharmacology 20: 580-588.  doi:10.1177/0269881105058776

When an article is not assigned a DOI, is either published in a discontinued periodical or the periodical web page does not exist, and online content is ONLY available in an electronic database such as JSTOR, provide the entry page URL of the database which holds the article. Although this type of reference is rare for articles, it may occur especially when the journal is discontinued.

Example:  Arakji R Y, Lang K R. 2008. Avatar business value analysis: A method for the evaluation of business value creation in virtual commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research 9: 207-218. Retrieved from http://www.csulb.edu/journals/jecr/

Individual web page
Web pages and documents are considered to be similar to print, and so references to them include the same elements such as author, date, title, etc. Note that proper names and acronyms are capitalized. Date of retrieval is included because the source material may change over time.

Example:  Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. 2010.Operation Uplink. Retrieved May 6, 2010 from  http://www.operationuplink.org/

Tables
Tables must be constructed using the ‘Table’ function. They must be self-contained and complement, but not duplicate information in the text. At the same time they should be understandable without reference to the text.

Tables must be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals. They must include a descriptive and concise title (in bold text) above the table.

Column headings should be brief, with units of measurement in parentheses. Carriage-returns must not be used in any cell.

All abbreviations should be defined in footnotes, using superscript letters (not numbers). *, **, ***, should be reserved for P values.

Table borders should conform to current New Zealand Entomologist style, and include a single horizontal line for the top and bottom border, and a single horizontal line separating column headings from data. Vertical lines to separate columns are not used.

Tables should be inserted in the manuscript after the references.

Figures
All figures must be submitted electronically as .eps or .tif format files.

Only scientifically necessary illustrations should be included. All illustrations (including photographs) are classified as figures and should be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3 etc., not 1a, 1b, 1c etc).

For Figures that contain sub-illustrations or graphs, each sub-illustration or graph should be assigned a clearly identified bold font, lower case letter  in parentheses (e.g. (a), (b), (c)) See Legendsbelow.

Where individual figures contain definable detail, each definable detail should be clearly identified using an arrow accompanied by either a bold font, lower case letter, or a short abbreviation of the feature that is defined in the legend.

Figures should be drawn or grouped for clarity within a single column width (72mm) or the full page width (150mm) on reduction, allowing for captions beneath. Each figure should be submitted in the correct orientation.

Mention of the word ‘Figure’ or ‘Figures’ in figure captions or legends should be written in full, bold font. Abbreviation should only be made within the body of text of the article (e.g., Fig. 1, Figs 1-3).

Line drawings and graphs should be drawn professionally or with a computer graphics package, and lettered as appropriate. Spreadsheet graphics modules often do not produce optimal clarity or sharpness for publication. Allowance should be made for detail, lines and text becoming smaller and thinner on reduction. Indicate size by including a scale line with the figure.

Photographs should be provided as high resolution images (at least 300dpi) at an image size that is either equal to or greater than the expected final published size. Photos, including those submitted as black and white images, are normally printed in grey-scale.

Colour photos will appear in colour in the on-line .pdf file, and there is no charge to authors for both colour and black and white figures in the on-line version of the paper.

For the printed paper, black and white images incur no cost to the authors, but authors will be charged NZ$250/page of printed colour plates. The only exception is that the image selected as the frontispiece of each journal issue will be free of charge.

Figure legends should be self-explanatory and should be collated and typed on a separate page. The legend should incorporate definitions of any symbols used. The approximate positions of figures should be indicated in the manuscript.

Description of grouped illustrations and/or illustrations comprising identifiable sub-components or identifying features should be written in the following formats:

Example 1: Figures 1-3: Images of identified fly larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) recovered at different stages from fly struck sheep.1, Lucilia sericata; 2, L. sericata; 3, Chrysomya rufifaces. Scale bars = 1mm. Illustrations modified from Dear (1985).

Example 2: Figure 4a-c. External morphological detail of the head of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae): a, external vertical seta;b, superior orbital setae; c, inferior orbital setae. Scale=0.5mm.

Example 3: Figure 4. External morphological detail of the head of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae): external vertical seta, vte; superior orbital setae, ors; inferior orbital setae, ori. Scale=0.5mm.

Abbreviations and Units
Authors are requested to use the International System of Units (metre, kilogram etc.) for exact measurements of physical quantities and where appropriate elsewhere.  The double solidus (“/ ”) must not be used in complex groupings of units; the negative index form (e.g. g kg-1 h-1) is preferred.  Statistics and measurements should always be given in figures – i.e. 10 mm, except where the number begins the sentence. When the number does not refer to a unit measurement, it is spelt out, except where the number is greater than nine. Use only standard abbreviations. The word ‘Figure’ should be shortened to Fig. (plural Figs) unless starting a sentence.

Scientific Names
Complete scientific name (genus, species and authority), and cultivar or strain where appropriate, should be given for every organism when first mentioned. The generic name may be abbreviated to an initial in subsequent references except at the start of sentences and paragraphs, and where intervening references to other genera would cause confusion. Common names of organisms, if used, should conform with Handbook of New Zealand Insect Names (Entomological Society of New Zealand Bulletin 12, 1999). All names must conform to the Articles and Recommendations of the 1985 or subsequent editions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Nucleotide sequence data
All DNA sequences must be lodged with GenBank and should not be repeated in the paper unless highly relevant.

Proofs
Page proofs will be e-mailed to the author as Portable Document Format (.pdf) files directly from the Production Editor, to whom they should be returned within 3 days of receipt.

The primary purpose of the .pdf proofs is as a final check of the text layout, and location of tables and figures and their captions, and missed corrections.

The proof should be checked meticulously. Any corrections must be clearly defined and listed in a reply e-mail to the Production Editor by using line and page numbers as a guide. The corrected .pdf proof will be resent to author for approval to publish the article.  Approval should be e-mailed to the Production Editor within 2 days of receipt of the corrected proof. Failure to do so may result in the article not being published, or being held over until the next issue.

Apart from errors that occurred during proof making, any alterations to the text and illustrations at this stage are not acceptable, and authors will be charged for changes from their original manuscript.

Page charges and Reprints
There are no page charges for New Zealand Entomologist.

A final version of the published manuscript will be sent to the corresponding author as a high resolution .pdf file, from which copies for personal use and non-commercial professional use and distribution can be freely made.  It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to distribute the file to co-authors of multi-authored papers.

CHECKLIST

• Check compliance with current author guidelines for New Zealand Entomologist at http://www.ento.org.nz/
• Check recent volumes for conformity to Journal style.
• Check all figures and tables are correctly numbered and have complete captions and legends.
• Check that the pages are numbered.
• Check the references listed for conformity of style and in the form required by New Zealand Entomologist.
• Check that the file is ‘clean’, with no ‘mark ups’.
• Provide the names and full contact details, including email, of two possible referees for your paper, who are knowledgeable in the subject but have not been involved with the research or manuscript preparation.